From your initial description, and also being a bit of a pessimist, it sounds like you have/had a sticky exhaust valve.
This is where the valve sticks partly open in its guide - and you lose compression - and, depending on the engine, the piston can in some cases clout the valve. Not good. This is about the only scenario where the exhaust pushrod can escape. Doesn't sound like your valve was clouted, however, we can but hope.
Don't know about the cam side of things, but the follower could just sit there once the pushrod was not returning it.
Sticky valves are usually just a gummed up valve in the guide, and a clean will cure things. Rarely will they fix themselves, better to whip the head off and investigate. If its not gummy or even dirty, you'll have to investigate further.
Doing nothing is not a good option, reliability and not being stranded being at stake.
You running petrol with ethanol ?
Your tank got a liner/sealer in it ? Still all intact ?
This does sound a little like some of the odd things folks are seeing.
Sticky valves go back into the dawn of motoring though.
Your engine burn a bit of oil ?